"Our business is really pretty simple if you can operate a four function calculator and understand the concepts of compound interest and present value, if you kept those basics, and then if you have any modicum of common sense."
-- Timothy J Sloan, CFO, Wells Fargo, quoted in this week's Bloomberg Business Week
My essay on tonight's The Agenda with Steve Paikin:
A prof at Carleton just emailed to ask where some of my stats came from -- so consider the following a giant footnote:
* I mention that electricity costs are expected to rise by 46% in the next five years, or about four times the rate of inflation. The figure comes from the Ontario government. It was in last fall's Ontario Fall Economic Update, as were lots of other numbers on this subject. The specific page with the figures on electricity is here.
Here's a chart of what electricity prices are going to do over the next few years, from the 2010 Fall Economic Update.
* What's driving the price increase? Again, from the Fall Economic Update:
Over the next five years, however, residential electricity prices are expected to rise by 46 per cent, which is an average annual rate of about 7.9 per cent. This increase will be due to two factors: upgrading and modernizing Ontario’s existing capacity in nuclear and natural gas generation, transmission and distribution (44 per cent); and the investment in new clean, renewable energy generation (56 per cent).
So even under the government's own trust-us-we-know-what-we're-doing accounting, more than half of the escalation in Ontario energy prices is caused by the high cost of wind and solar. That's due to the fact that wind and solar producers are being paid rates that are run from double to umpteen times the rates paid electricity produced by coal, gas, hydro and nuclear energy. And of the remaining 44 per cent of the cost increase, some of that -- not clear how much -- is being driven by expansions of the "transmission and distribution" system... and much of that expansion is required to link all of those disparate wind and solar locations to the grid. Solar/wind is spectacularly expensive and inefficient on its own, PLUS there's an additional expense in building the wires necessary to get it to market.
* Where does Ontario's power come from? Here's a chart, from the IESO:
Note that this is a big shift from a few years ago, when coal was about 20%, and gas was around 0%. Coal has come down because gas has gone up. And that's been a big environmental benefit -- a real and substantial environmental benefit -- since gas produces about half as much CO2 as coal, per amount of energy generated, and even less smog causing chemicals. Switching to gas hasn't been high cost, it has cut Ontario's greenhouse gases generated by electricity in half, and by 2014 when coal is phased out, greenhouse gases generated by electricity will be down 75%. As I say in the essay, this is big news. The McGuinty govenrment should be congratulated, but they should also explain to people that this big environmental success has nothing to do with the ultra expensive arrival of wind and solar, which is being sold as a quasi-environmental plan, but is really just a (completely misguided, total waste of money, doomed to failure... I can go on all day...) industrial policy. We are giving huge, huge subsidies to wind and solar to "create" jobs, not to help the environment.
* The installed power mix is somewhat different from the above output chart -- because nuclear is baseload power (runs all the time), gas is peak (only used when needed) and wind is unreliable (only used when available).
Again, from the IESO:
Supply Mix*: Ontario’s electricity supply mix currently includes:
Nuclear: 11,446 MW or 33% Gas: 9,497 MW or 27% Coal: 4,484 MW or 13% Hydro: 7,947 MW or 23% Wind: 1,235 MW or 3.6% Other (woodwaste, biogas, etc): 122 MW or 0.4%
*Generating resources as of February 20, 2011.
* And this is pretty cool: you can also get a real time breakdown of how much electricity Ontario is using right now, and where it is coming from, on the homepage of the IESO.
* Finally, something that everyone should read: a recent paper from Jan Carr, former head of the Ontario Power Authority, on the subject of what he sees as the economic and environmental illogic of the Ontario Green Energy Act.
Like me, Carr thinks the most logical way to reduce pollution -- the most economically logical way, meaning the way you get the most environmental bang for the least buck -- is a carbon tax. Right now, we have a system that is doing the exact opposite: we have a crazy, command and control system that pays no attention to prices, and doesn't use prices to efficiently allocate resources. On the contrary, the government has basically ordered the IESO to buy the most expensive power first, and to fill the remainder of Ontario's needs with whatever cheaper power is left over, which is the opposite of how you run any other business. It's the opposite of rational. It's the opposite of efficient. We are not setting goals for greenhouse gas reductions, putting a price on carbon, and then leaving it to rational engineers and economists and investors and power users to figure out how to get to that goal at the lowest cost possible. Instead the government is simply ordering the power system to construct a certain number of solar and wind installations, and then ordering the system to buy the power produced, regardless of cost. It's insane. It's like Gosplan, only worse. It's a system that, as Carr explains far better than I do, has neither environmental nor economic logic, and thus is giving us maximum buck for minimum bang.
Another critic of the system worth paying very close attention to is energy expert and environmentalist-who-uses-economics Tom Adams.
ADDENDUM:
One more thing: there's the question of where Ontario's pollution and GHGs come from.
This document from the Pembina Institute has some good summary charts on the various sources of greenhouse gases in Ontario. The data is for 2007 -- still early days in the shutdowns of the coal plants -- and at the time the generation of electricity and heating (Pembina's table includes "heating," I assume that includse people heating their homes with natural gas and oil) accounted for just 17% of Ontario's GHGs, a number that has dropped over the last 4 years, as the amount of coal in our power system has dropped. We must now be down around 10% or so for electricity production plus whatever very small percentage of GHGs are attributable to people heating homes with oil or gas. Jan Carr (see his paper above) says that when the coal plants are fully phased out in 2014 electricity will account for only 5% of the province's greenhouse gases (plus, as above, some very small percentage for home oil/gas heating).
So, as I said in the video above, if we want to reduce greenhouse gases, we'd do well to look beyond electricity, and concentrate on those sources representing the other 95% of the problem.
And as the Pembina factsheet points out, the largest and fastest growing contributor is transportation, which is almost entirely cars, buses and trucks (trains and planes account for a little bit, but not much). In 2007, transport accounted for 31%, and the percentage is climbing both because the volume of GHGs produced by Ontario cars and trucks is rising, and because the volume of GHGs produced by electricity is falling. So transport accounts for around a third of Ontario GHGs now, and if you do the math on electricity falling to just 5% of GHGs by 2014, then transport will be getting close to 40% of the problem by in three years.
In other words: if you want to deal with greenhouse gases, you have to look at a carbon tax -- and that includes a carbon tax on the biggest source of carbon, namely cars and trucks running on gasoline.
If you want to see how they could be done, have a look at something I wrote last year for cbc.ca. It compares the Ontario approach with the carbon-tax approach used by British Columbia.
Below, something I wrote and published on Feb 3, in the National Post.
An article posted today on Al Jazeera English by Amis Landoni largely agrees with my take -- that there is reason to be concerned that the Arab revolts/future regimes will be less pro-American or pro-Israeli than what they replace. Though the Al Jazeera poster is, unlike me, not exactly "concerned" about this, but instead quite excited at the prospect. She'd rather like to see some more-than-just-rhetorical anti-Westernism come to power. The Nasser period was such a positive time....
The difference between me and Ms. Landoni is that I hope to be proved wrong. She will be very disappointed in the Arab people if they prove her wrong and fail to use their new democracy (should Egypt and others in the region ever achieve that -- still a big if) to increase their opposition to America's interests, and in particular to increase their support for the Palestinian cause.
*******************
Egypt will make Washington wish its allies really were puppets.
(First published Feb 3, 2011, National Post)
By Tony Keller
So he’s going. Eventually. Maybe in eight months. Unless the protests grow. Which they will. In which case the timetable could be speeded up. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak is on his way out, and something more democratic is going to try to take the old regime’s place. It’s only a matter of time.
That’s the good news. Drink it in. Enjoy. And now, the caveats. We shouldn’t have any illusions that this revolution is necessarily going to result in a fully democratic, law-abiding, rights-respecting government. It might, but there are no guarantees. Egypt could end up with a new military regime: populist and demagogic, as Gamal Abdel Nasser was, but not democratic. Or it might get something like the Iranian revolution, which replaced a monarchy with a dictatorship pretending to be a democracy. Egypt could get one man, one vote, one time.
Nor should we have any illusions that even if a democratic government does emerge, it will be pro-Western, or friendly toward Israel.
And as for Washington’s ability, to control events within Egypt, now or in the future, well, don’t have any illusions about that either. Mubarak may have accepted billions of dollars in U.S. aid over the years, but Egypt has never been an American puppet.
The Cairo-Washington alliance, which arose in the 1970s, was based on a long list of shared interests, such as opposing Islamic fundamentalism, opposing Iran, avoiding another Arab-Israeli war, and seeking a two-state solution for Israel and the Palestinians. Washington and the new Egypt may find themselves looking at a shorter list of common interests. Possibly much shorter.
In his two televised addresses since the protests began, Mubarak has tried to play on the idea that if he leaves, disorder will follow; that he and his police are all that stands between Egypt and anarchy. By removing police from the streets, he certainly seems to be trying to make those fears come to pass. The international community has the same worries about what change in Egypt means for international order, except that its very real concerns don’t have to be manufactured by a Mubarak PR campaign.
The current Egyptian government may make life unhappy for its own people, but at least it’s not making life hell for its neighbours. Mubarak’s Egypt has a peace treaty with Israel and more than that, it quietly co-operates with Israel. Just like Washington and the European Union, it sees Syria and Iran as threats, not friends. Ditto for Hezbollah. It backs the Palestinian Authority, not Hamas. It wants regional stability, not regional war.
We don’t know exactly what the new Egypt is going to want, but nobody should be surprised if it ends up pursuing a foreign policy far less favourable to the West’s interests, and Israel’s. That depressing likelihood has echoed through the pages of Israeli newspapers over the past few days. The sense that the peace treaty with Egypt may be under threat has Israelis wondering if they are once again about to find themselves surrounded by hostile states, a situation they have not faced in a generation.
The new Egypt might follow Turkey, whose moderate Islamist government disrupted its predecessors’ alliance with Israel, and instead sought friction with Israel as a way of satisfying its voting base. Or things could turn out worse. The demonstrations of the past week have been largely secular, and largely non-partisan, which is a very hopeful sign. But the protests have not been led by a political party, nor have they given birth to one (at least not yet). The only major party in Egypt, other than Mubarak’s NDP, is the banned Muslim Brotherhood. That is who is mostly likely to win an election, if one were held immediately. Hamas, which controls Gaza and rejects peace with Israel, is an offshoot of the Brotherhood.
Earlier this week, Sheikh Naeem Quassem, the secretary general of Lebanon’s Hezbollah, said that he and his party “salute the resistant and proud Egyptian people who have set an example in rejecting normalization with Israel and in their continuous aspiration for freedom, independence and glory.” Hezbollah is stretching the truth: The protests in the streets are largely about Egypt’s economic failures and its lack of civil and political rights, not its relations with Israel. But there was a time when the peace treaty was seen as the main sin of the regime. Peace is why Sadat was assassinated in 1981, and why Egypt was kicked out of the Arab League from 1979 to 1989.
And there are signs that some protestors see a related matter, the alliance with the United States, as one of the main humiliations visited on Egypt by Mubarak. Mubarak is sometimes pictured as an agent of the Americans, as if the regime had been brought to Egypt on a CIA plane. Watch enough al-Jazeera and you’ll hear the idea expressed. The notion is sometimes even hinted at in the Western media — the fact that Egypt gets more than $1-billion a year in U.S. aid apparently being proof that Mubarak is a Washington creation. It’s ridiculous. Mubarak may be America’s problem, but he isn’t America’s fault.
Mubarak is the appointed successor of Sadat, himself the appointed successor to Nasser, whose military regime, which has been ruling under emergency powers since the 1960s, started out as an explicitly anti-Western revolutionary movement. It overthrew a pro-Western government, and Britain and France went to war against it 1956. It became a Soviet ally. It was only in the 1970s, after the death of Nasser, that the regime moved away from the Soviet Union and towards the West, as Sadat realized that endless war with Israel was a game that had to be stopped.
The men running Egypt are not American puppets, any more than the men running China are American puppets for having given up global revolution and embraced global trade. Washington didn’t put them in power, Washington didn’t keep them in power. Egypt is not a dictatorship because Washington wished it; Egypt will not become a successful democracy just because Washington wishes it.
And yet there are times when Washington surely wonders how much easier life would be if its allies really were nothing more than marionettes. The next few years of dealing with Egypt is going to be one of those times.
On Tuesday, Quebec City announced that it was going ahead with the construction of a new, $400 million arena, to host an NHL team that Quebecor’s Pierre-Karl Peladeau hopes to bring to the city. The same day in Regina, the city and the province of Saskatchewan turned the wheel in the other direction, announcing that they were shelving plans for a $430 million, retractable roof stadium, whose main tenant would have been the CFL’s Saskatchewan Roughriders. Both projects have repeatedly demanded federal money, demands that Ottawa for months deftly avoided saying yes to without ever saying no. On Wednesday, the Conservative government finally said no. The right decision—but as Quebec City showed, municipalities and provinces are quite capable of blowing taxpayer dollars with or without Ottawa’s help.
American pro sports franchises and politicians are past masters at the game of using public money to support private teams. But in Canada, the game is rarely played. The Toronto Maple Leafs, Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks and Ottawa Senators are private businesses, playing in private arenas built with private money. Even the publicly-owned Scotiabank Saddledome in Calgary and Rexall Place in Edmonton have relatively limited taxpayer involvement. Billionaire owners going cap-in-hand to government is long standing practice in the US, but it’s a new trend in Canada.
This week, Quebec City mayor Regis Lebeaume played the game like a pro. He insisted that the new arena would almost certainly not cost taxpayers a cent, but would instead turn a profit while sparking urban renewal, boosting the economy, raising tax revenues and curing leprosy.
Ignore the magician’s hands and keep your eyes on the prize: the arena’s $400 million price tag.
The math goes something like this: Quebecor is buying the naming rights to the arena, paying $63.5 million if it hosts an NHL team, and less if it doesn’t. A group of local fans kicked in another $13 million. Subtract those amounts from $400 million, and that leaves the taxpayer on the hook for more than $320 million worth of construction costs (All figures before cost overruns). If government borrowed the money—-and given that Quebec is deep in deficit and the most indebted province in Canada, every cent going in to the arena is borrowed—-the debt service cost, based on Quebec City’s repayment schedule, would be $26 million a year. Quebecor, which has agreed to a long-term lease on the arena, will pay $5 million a year in rent, less if it fails to land an NHL team. In other words, under the most optimistic scenario, Quebecor is paying $5 million a year for an arena that will cost at least $26 million a year to finance.
But Quebec City taxpayers will not be picking up most of the arena’s tab. The bulk of the money, $200 million, is coming from the province. The mayor’s claims about the arena’s future “profitability” treat these funds not as a loan or an investment, but a donation. Ditto for $50 million that the municipal government is kicking in as an up-front lump sum. Both contributions from taxpayers are accounted for as free money. In Quebec City’s fantasy arena accounting, a quarter billion dollars just fell from the sky.
The stadium math in Regina is just as iffy. The CFL’s Saskatchewan Roughriders, who would be the main tenant in any new facility, currently play at the old Mosaic Stadium. Their rent? According to the Riders’ annual report, a maximum of $200,000 per year. Projected cost of the new stadium? $430 million. I’ll wait here while you crunch the numbers.
The thing is, the Riders are already a very successful team. Playing at Mosaic Stadium, they pulled down more than $30 million in revenue in 2009-10, and turned a profit of $3.1 million. By CFL standards, this is outstanding. To make money playing 10 home football games a year, the team doesn’t need a new stadium, and certainly not a $430 million Cadillac with a sunroof. The Riders can’t afford even a fraction of that cost. But do they and their fans and many politicians want a new stadium? Of course. Why wouldn’t they? If somebody else picks up the car payments, Joe Lunchbucket can drive to his job at the gravel yard in a gold-plated Bentley.
There are other Canadian teams whose situation looks an awful lot like that of the Riders. The Edmonton Oilers, for example. Owner Darryl Katz has been lobbying ever more loudly for taxpayers to help build a newer, bigger, more expensive downtown arena to replace Rexall Place. The Oilers may want a new arena, but as with the Riders, need is a whole other story. The Oilers already sell more tickets, and at higher ticket prices, than almost every American NHL team. The Oilers do not appear to have a revenue problem. What they have is an expenditure problem—-the problem being that many American NHL teams (and even more franchises in the NFL, MLB and NBA) are subsidized by taxpayers, through sweetheart deals allowing them to play almost rent free. That reduces team expenses and boosts profits.
The future of the arena finance game was on display this week in Quebec City. A new precedent has been set. Taxpayers, watch your wallets.
Tony Keller is a visiting fellow at the Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation. His study, “The Hoser Effect and the new economics of the NHL” will be released next week.
"The thing about television is that it always wins in the end. Television always wins. In other words, these shows that we had, if we didn’t kill them, they would kill us. It’s not a fair fight. You can subdue it for a period of time, a long period of time, but you know its only getting stronger and you’re getting weaker. And I knew some day,and I didn’t know when it was, it might have been the next season, it might have been the one after, one day this thing was going to smite me down. The trick is to make a neat and graceful exit before it gets that chance."
-- Jerry Seinfeld interviewed by Garry Shandling on The Larry Sanders Show Complete Series DVD.
The nice thing about the web is that space is unlimited. (Time? Not so much). And so, if it it would have been possible for me to write an ROB Mag column that was twice as long (see the previous post) I would have introduced the major critic of Rosen's Superstars theory: an economist named Moshe Adler. Adler, in his paper "Stardom and Talent," agrees that there are superstars, and he agrees with Rosen as to the mechanism by which they make all of that money, but he disagrees that the process is always "rational." He thinks that consumers can be mistaken. Frequently.
Consider: Lady Gaga is not necessarily an objectively better musician than, say, some 26 year old who just completed a master's in performance at Berkelee College of Music.
But she is more popular. And Adler argues that "better" and "more popular" aren't always the same thing. (In Rosen's original theory, it seems to be assumed that one is "more popular" because one is "more talented" and "better") Lady Gaga, says Adler, may be more popular because, well, she's more popular. People like to consume the same thing as their peers, they move in packs, they engage in herd behaviour, etc. Trauber, the i-banker in my column is certainly a "more popular" investment banker, but is he better? Is he smarter than the other i-bankers? That's a reasonable question. Ditto for Lady Gaga. The Adler theory says that she's more popular in part because she's, well, more popular.
Rosen is basically the market-is-efficient version of the economic theory of superstars. And Adler is the market-can-often-be-inefficient version of the theory. Both say that you are going to have superstars, but the latter says that there are times when there's nothing rational/efficient about it. People buy a lot of one superstar product because they believe it is better, but that belief may not be true. That applies to anyone who has ever invested money with a star money manager. Or anyone who ever bought a popular stock that every analyst recommended.
There's a good blog post here on David Beckham as an Adler superstar: he gets hired by the LA Galaxyand paid so much because he's David Beckham and can generate buzz, interest, media coverage, etc, NOT because he is objectively the best football player in the world, but rather the most popular and best know player in the world. He's a celebrity. The team is paying him umpteen million dollars a year because they hope his celebrity can put bums in seats, while at the same time people may be putting their bums in the seats because they mistakenly believe that he is the best player in the world. In other words, sales/marketing/branding can triumph over hard mathematical facts. To which the average person would reply: duh.
It sometimes takes a lot of brainpower to explain the obvious.
Last month I wrote about the Economic Theory of Superstars in ROB Magazine.
In Sherwin Rosen's 1981 theory, the ultra high pay of certain entertainment superstars (and certain investing superstars, such as hedge fund managers) can be explained by the combination of two forces: imperfect substitution -- no two singers are the same, and twice as much singing by a bad singer will not satisfy an audience as half as much singing by a popular singer -- and joint consumption technologies, namely the ability for one recording session to yield a theoretically unlimited number of CDs or itunes downloads. The combo is what allows Lady Gaga to make tens of millions of dollars a year. Ditto the most popular hedge fund managers.
But even if all you've got going to for you is one of those factors, namely "imperfect substitution", you can still do rather nicely in certain fields. For example, the law. The creme of the crop of lawyers in New York, reports the WSJ, are now billing at rates in excess of $1,000 an hour.
My article on Superstars Theory is below -- but wait, there's more! In a future post, I'll return to this theme, and offer economist Moshe Adler alternative and more critical/skeptical version of how the superstar effect works -- which I couldn't get into here, for reasons for space. (Hey, it's old fashioned ink-on-dead-trees journalism. Ya only get 700 words).
Worth every billion
Friday, January 28, 2011
Lady Gaga, hedge fund managers and the Economic Theory of Superstars Tony Keller
Not long after the U.S. Treasury Department's pay czar ended his oversight of Citigroup's compensation practices, the bank hired a new head of global energy investment banking. Citi, which nearly went under in 2008 and was partly owned by the U.S. government until last December, lured Stephen Trauber away from rival UBS. It dug deep into the kitty to get him. Trauber reportedly will be paid $9 million a year (all currency in U.S. dollars).
You are no doubt appalled. Yeah, me too, I guess. But moral outrage, unlike i-banking, is easy. Let's consider a less demotic proposition: that Trauber's compensation, and that of some of his peers, is perfectly rational. It just might be, if you believe in the Economic Theory of Superstars.
Three decades ago, University of Chicago economist Sherwin Rosen set out to solve the riddle of why some people are paid so much more than the rest of us. He looked at the industry with the most extreme inequalities: the entertainment business. There are millions of starving artists in the world, like the singer at your local pub who can barely make rent. Yet Lady Gaga made an estimated $62 million last year. How come?
In Rosen's groundbreaking 1981 paper, "The economics of superstars," he explained why Lady Gaga doesn't have to be 5,000 times better than the local musician in order to earn 5,000 times more. He pointed to two factors: "imperfect substitution," which is our willingness to pay a lot more for that which is only a bit better, and "joint consumption technologies," which allow a popular musician's work to be purchased simultaneously by millions. Either one can lead to high pay. Together, they spell superpay.
Imperfect substitution is easy to understand. "Lesser talent," said Rosen, "is often a poor substitute for greater talent." Three mediocre singers won't satisfy an audience as much as one excellent singer. A major corporation facing a major lawsuit will likely hire the best lawyer; a lawyer who is 10% less competent can't compensate by working 10% more, or charging 10% less. As a result, said Rosen, "the demand for the better sellers increases more than proportionately."
Trauber is one of those better sellers. A classic i-banker, he helps energy companies do deals, especially mergers and acquisitions. He and his team at UBS have done 115 oil and gas deals over the past five years, worth $167 billion (according to Bloomberg). Other bankers brought in little or no business, and washed out of the profession. One of Trauber's last big transactions was the $11-billion sale of Smith International Inc. to Schlumberger Ltd. His UBS team advised Smith and collected a fee of $29.3 million.
Did Smith get its money's worth? The deal closed, and the company sold for a premium of 37.5% over its pre-deal share price, compared to an average premium of 26% in other recent oil and gas deals, according to Dealogic. The excess premium was worth about $1 billion to Smith shareholders. If Trauber was responsible for even a fraction of that - something that's hard to prove, or disprove - he earned his fee.
Yet i-bankers like Trauber aren't really full-fledged Rosen superstars. Unlike Lady Gaga and other star entertainers, Trauber does piecework. Each M&A is a one-off. Lady Gaga, in contrast, is software. She can earn a theoretically infinite amount of money from just one recording session: The resulting song can be purchased by millions of consumers worldwide. Or, as Rosen put it, in something close to English, "when the joint consumption technology and imperfect substitution features of preferences are combined, the possibility for talented persons to command both very large markets and very large incomes is apparent."
Which financiers are superstars? Hedge fund managers. They're pulling down Lady Gaga coin, and then some. They pool the money of many investors, because it's not much more time-consuming to manage billions than millions: That's joint consumption technology. And in a demonstration of imperfect substitution, they also charge much higher annual fees than mutual funds. The standard for hedge funds is "two and 20" - 2% of assets under management, plus 20% of returns. Result: In 2009, the 25 highest-paid fund managers earned a total of $25.3 billion.
One mogul, James Simons of Renaissance Technologies, has made more than $1 billion a year for the last half-decade by managing a huge pool and pushing imperfect substitution to the max: Renaissance's standard fee isn't two and 20, but five and 44.
Do hedge fund managers deserve their paycheques? Do i-bankers? In a moral sense, surely not. They planted no crops, educated no children, built no homes and saved no lives. Then again, neither did Lady Gaga. And the free market assigns compensation not on moral merit, but on supply and demand. As long as there are chart-topping songs, there will be chart-topping bankers. Ye have the poor always with you, said Jesus. And the superstar rich, said Rosen. Tony Keller, a former editorial page editor of The Globe and Mail, is a visiting fellow at the Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation.
Nuclear: 11,446 MW or 33%
Gas: 9,497 MW or 27%
Coal: 4,484 MW or 13%
Hydro: 7,947 MW or 23%
Wind: 1,235 MW or 3.6%
Other (woodwaste, biogas, etc): 122 MW or 0.4%